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2to3.html
58.11
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2019-03-27 12:19
__builtin__.html
10.81
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__future__.html
14.34
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__main__.html
7.34
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_winreg.html
63.12
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abc.html
25.22
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aepack.html
13.83
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aetools.html
16
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aetypes.html
20.53
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aifc.html
24.48
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al.html
18.23
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allos.html
34.47
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anydbm.html
17.7
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archiving.html
9.84
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argparse.html
257.44
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array.html
31.11
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ast.html
37.27
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asynchat.html
33.13
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asyncore.html
39.68
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atexit.html
18.02
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audioop.html
33.45
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autogil.html
8.53
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base64.html
21.35
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basehttpserver.html
36.56
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bastion.html
11.52
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bdb.html
40.42
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binascii.html
22.46
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binhex.html
11.04
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bisect.html
24.09
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bsddb.html
27.92
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bz2.html
28.37
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calendar.html
40.78
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carbon.html
50.78
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cd.html
29.33
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cgi.html
54.61
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cgihttpserver.html
13.7
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cgitb.html
11.98
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chunk.html
15.53
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cmath.html
27.7
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cmd.html
28.36
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code.html
26.33
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codecs.html
115.49
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codeop.html
15.53
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collections.html
144.19
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colorpicker.html
7.85
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colorsys.html
11.64
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commands.html
15.15
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compileall.html
18.18
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compiler.html
74.12
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configparser.html
66.16
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constants.html
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contextlib.html
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cookie.html
40.87
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cookielib.html
88.9
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copy.html
12.7
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copy_reg.html
14.35
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crypt.html
10.4
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crypto.html
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csv.html
74.66
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ctypes.html
258.37
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curses.ascii.html
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curses.html
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curses.panel.html
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custominterp.html
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datatypes.html
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datetime.html
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dbhash.html
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dbm.html
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debug.html
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decimal.html
217.1
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development.html
14.48
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difflib.html
89.82
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2019-03-27 12:19
dircache.html
12.01
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2019-03-27 12:19
dis.html
82.18
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distribution.html
7.5
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distutils.html
9.91
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dl.html
17.25
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doctest.html
181.53
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docxmlrpcserver.html
17.16
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2019-03-27 12:19
dumbdbm.html
15.18
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dummy_thread.html
9.83
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dummy_threading.html
8.72
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2019-03-27 12:19
easydialogs.html
32.35
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2019-03-27 12:19
email-examples.html
46.31
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2019-03-27 12:19
email.charset.html
28.73
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2019-03-27 12:19
email.encoders.html
12.55
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email.errors.html
17.53
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email.generator.html
22.6
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email.header.html
28.43
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email.html
54.42
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email.iterators.html
12.33
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email.message.html
68.54
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email.mime.html
30.91
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2019-03-27 12:19
email.parser.html
34.32
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2019-03-27 12:19
email.utils.html
26.44
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2019-03-27 12:19
ensurepip.html
17.9
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2019-03-27 12:19
errno.html
39.3
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2019-03-27 12:19
exceptions.html
62.2
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2019-03-27 12:19
fcntl.html
25.63
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filecmp.html
23.43
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2019-03-27 12:19
fileformats.html
9.43
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fileinput.html
26.44
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filesys.html
10.61
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fl.html
55.2
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2019-03-27 12:19
fm.html
12.7
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fnmatch.html
15.88
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2019-03-27 12:19
formatter.html
36.5
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fpectl.html
16.48
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fpformat.html
11.19
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2019-03-27 12:19
fractions.html
24.3
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framework.html
36.07
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frameworks.html
7.37
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ftplib.html
48.42
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functions.html
200.82
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functools.html
28.95
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future_builtins.html
14.14
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gc.html
27.76
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gdbm.html
17.39
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gensuitemodule.html
12.28
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getopt.html
24.69
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getpass.html
11.16
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gettext.html
82.98
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gl.html
23.77
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glob.html
14.09
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grp.html
11.05
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gzip.html
20.09
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hashlib.html
24.87
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2019-03-27 12:19
heapq.html
34.07
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hmac.html
14.04
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hotshot.html
19.67
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htmllib.html
27.03
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htmlparser.html
41.44
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httplib.html
69.27
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i18n.html
9.81
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ic.html
18.22
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idle.html
41.16
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imageop.html
15.72
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imaplib.html
57.14
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imgfile.html
12.43
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imghdr.html
11.95
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imp.html
36.72
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importlib.html
8.72
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imputil.html
32.78
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index.html
77.23
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inspect.html
55.49
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internet.html
25.53
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intro.html
9.13
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io.html
111.04
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ipc.html
16.21
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itertools.html
122.46
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jpeg.html
13.43
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json.html
71.95
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keyword.html
8.02
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language.html
11.41
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linecache.html
11.15
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locale.html
60.13
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logging.config.html
78.17
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logging.handlers.html
78.31
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logging.html
107.67
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mac.html
22.83
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macos.html
15.75
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macosa.html
13.75
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macostools.html
16.5
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macpath.html
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mailbox.html
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mailcap.html
13.8
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markup.html
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marshal.html
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math.html
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md5.html
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mhlib.html
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mimetools.html
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mimetypes.html
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mimewriter.html
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mimify.html
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miniaeframe.html
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misc.html
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mm.html
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mmap.html
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modulefinder.html
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modules.html
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msilib.html
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msvcrt.html
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multifile.html
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multiprocessing.html
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mutex.html
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netdata.html
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netrc.html
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new.html
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nis.html
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nntplib.html
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numbers.html
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numeric.html
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operator.html
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optparse.html
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os.html
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os.path.html
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ossaudiodev.html
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othergui.html
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parser.html
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pdb.html
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persistence.html
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pickle.html
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pickletools.html
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pipes.html
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pkgutil.html
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platform.html
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plistlib.html
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popen2.html
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poplib.html
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posix.html
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posixfile.html
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pprint.html
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profile.html
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pty.html
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pwd.html
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py_compile.html
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pyclbr.html
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pydoc.html
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pyexpat.html
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python.html
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queue.html
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quopri.html
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random.html
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re.html
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readline.html
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repr.html
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resource.html
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restricted.html
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rexec.html
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rfc822.html
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rlcompleter.html
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robotparser.html
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runpy.html
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sched.html
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scrolledtext.html
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select.html
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sets.html
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sgi.html
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sgmllib.html
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sha.html
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shelve.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>26.2. pdb — The Python Debugger — Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="26.4. The Python Profilers" href="profile.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="26.1. bdb — Debugger framework" href="bdb.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/pdb.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="profile.html" title="26.4. The Python Profilers" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="bdb.html" title="26.1. bdb — Debugger framework" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="debug.html" accesskey="U">26. Debugging and Profiling</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-pdb"> <span id="pdb-the-python-debugger"></span><span id="debugger"></span><h1>26.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> — The Python Debugger<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pdb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/pdb.py">Lib/pdb.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p id="index-0">The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> defines an interactive source code debugger for Python programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at the source line level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame. It also supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program control.</p> <p id="index-1">The debugger is extensible — it is actually defined as the class <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a>. This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the source. The extension interface uses the modules <a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html#module-bdb" title="bdb: Debugger framework."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The debugger’s prompt is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(Pdb)</span></code>. Typical usage to run a program under control of the debugger is:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mymodule.test()'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">> <string>(0)?()</span> <span class="go">(Pdb) continue</span> <span class="go">> <string>(1)?()</span> <span class="go">(Pdb) continue</span> <span class="go">NameError: 'spam'</span> <span class="go">> <string>(1)?()</span> <span class="go">(Pdb)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb.py</span></code> can also be invoked as a script to debug other scripts. For example:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pdb</span> <span class="n">myscript</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>When invoked as a script, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem debugging if the program being debugged exits abnormally. After post-mortem debugging (or after normal exit of the program), pdb will restart the program. Automatic restarting preserves pdb’s state (such as breakpoints) and in most cases is more useful than quitting the debugger upon program’s exit.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4: </span>Restarting post-mortem behavior added.</p> </div> <p>The typical usage to break into the debugger from a running program is to insert</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_trace</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>at the location you want to break into the debugger. You can then step through the code following this statement, and continue running without the debugger using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code> command.</p> <p>The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span> File <span class="nb">"./mymodule.py"</span>, line <span class="m">4</span>, in <span class="n">test</span> <span class="n">test2</span><span class="p">()</span> File <span class="nb">"./mymodule.py"</span>, line <span class="m">3</span>, in <span class="n">test2</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">spam</span> <span class="gr">NameError</span>: <span class="n">spam</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pm</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">> ./mymodule.py(3)test2()</span> <span class="go">-> print spam</span> <span class="go">(Pdb)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger in a slightly different way:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pdb.run"> <code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>statement</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>globals</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>locals</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Execute the <em>statement</em> (given as a string) under debugger control. The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you can set breakpoints and type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code>, or you can step through the statement using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code> (all these commands are explained below). The optional <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> arguments specify the environment in which the code is executed; by default the dictionary of the module <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> is used. (See the explanation of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#exec"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code></a> statement or the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code></a> built-in function.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pdb.runeval"> <code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">runeval</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>expression</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>globals</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>locals</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runeval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Evaluate the <em>expression</em> (given as a string) under debugger control. When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runeval" title="pdb.runeval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runeval()</span></code></a> returns, it returns the value of the expression. Otherwise this function is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.run" title="pdb.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pdb.runcall"> <code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">runcall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>argument</em>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runcall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Call the <em>function</em> (a function or method object, not a string) with the given arguments. When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runcall" title="pdb.runcall"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runcall()</span></code></a> returns, it returns whatever the function call returned. The debugger prompt appears as soon as the function is entered.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pdb.set_trace"> <code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">set_trace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pdb.post_mortem"> <code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">post_mortem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>traceback</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.post_mortem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Enter post-mortem debugging of the given <em>traceback</em> object. If no <em>traceback</em> is given, it uses the one of the exception that is currently being handled (an exception must be being handled if the default is to be used).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="pdb.pm"> <code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">pm</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.pm" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.last_traceback" title="sys.last_traceback"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.last_traceback</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run*</span></code> functions and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="pdb.set_trace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_trace()</span></code></a> are aliases for instantiating the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a> class and calling the method of the same name. If you want to access further features, you have to do this yourself:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="pdb.Pdb"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">Pdb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>completekey='tab'</em>, <em>stdin=None</em>, <em>stdout=None</em>, <em>skip=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a> is the debugger class.</p> <p>The <em>completekey</em>, <em>stdin</em> and <em>stdout</em> arguments are passed to the underlying <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd.Cmd</span></code></a> class; see the description there.</p> <p>The <em>skip</em> argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style module name patterns. The debugger will not step into frames that originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a></p> <p>Example call to enable tracing with <em>skip</em>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'django.*'</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_trace</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7: </span>The <em>skip</em> argument.</p> </div> <dl class="method"> <dt id="pdb.Pdb.run"> <code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>statement</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>globals</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>locals</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="pdb.Pdb.runeval"> <code class="descname">runeval</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>expression</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>globals</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>locals</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runeval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="pdb.Pdb.runcall"> <code class="descname">runcall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>argument</em>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runcall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="pdb.Pdb.set_trace"> <code class="descname">set_trace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.set_trace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>See the documentation for the functions explained above.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="debugger-commands"> <span id="id2"></span><h1>26.3. Debugger Commands<a class="headerlink" href="#debugger-commands" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The debugger recognizes the following commands. Most commands can be abbreviated to one or two letters; e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h(elp)</span></code> means that either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span></code> can be used to enter the help command (but not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">he</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hel</span></code>, nor <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">H</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Help</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HELP</span></code>). Arguments to commands must be separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs). Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>) in the command syntax; the square brackets must not be typed. Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">|</span></code>).</p> <p>Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered. Exception: if the last command was a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> command, the next 11 lines are listed.</p> <p>Commands that the debugger doesn’t recognize are assumed to be Python statements and are executed in the context of the program being debugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation point (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code>). This is a powerful way to inspect the program being debugged; it is even possible to change a variable or call a function. When an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is printed but the debugger’s state is not changed.</p> <p>Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;;</span></code>. (A single <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;</span></code> is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands in a line that is passed to the Python parser.) No intelligence is applied to separating the commands; the input is split at the first <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;;</span></code> pair, even if it is in the middle of a quoted string.</p> <p>The debugger supports aliases. Aliases can have parameters which allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under examination.</p> <p id="index-2">If a file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> exists in the user’s home directory or in the current directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed at the debugger prompt. This is particularly useful for aliases. If both files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and aliases defined there can be overridden by the local file.</p> <dl class="docutils"> <dt>h(elp) [<em>command</em>]</dt> <dd>Without argument, print the list of available commands. With a <em>command</em> as argument, print help about that command. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">pdb</span></code> displays the full documentation file; if the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PAGER</span></code> is defined, the file is piped through that command instead. Since the <em>command</em> argument must be an identifier, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">exec</span></code> must be entered to get help on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> command.</dd> <dt>w(here)</dt> <dd>Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom. An arrow indicates the current frame, which determines the context of most commands.</dd> <dt>d(own)</dt> <dd>Move the current frame one level down in the stack trace (to a newer frame).</dd> <dt>u(p)</dt> <dd>Move the current frame one level up in the stack trace (to an older frame).</dd> <dt>b(reak) [[<em>filename</em>:]<em>lineno</em> | <em>function</em>[, <em>condition</em>]]</dt> <dd><p class="first">With a <em>lineno</em> argument, set a break there in the current file. With a <em>function</em> argument, set a break at the first executable statement within that function. The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon, to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that hasn’t been loaded yet). The file is searched on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code>. Note that each breakpoint is assigned a number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.</p> <p>If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.</p> <p class="last">Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint, the number of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current ignore count, and the associated condition if any.</p> </dd> <dt>tbreak [[<em>filename</em>:]<em>lineno</em> | <em>function</em>[, <em>condition</em>]]</dt> <dd>Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is first hit. The arguments are the same as break.</dd> <dt>cl(ear) [<em>filename:lineno</em> | <em>bpnumber</em> [<em>bpnumber …</em>]]</dt> <dd>With a <em>filename:lineno</em> argument, clear all the breakpoints at this line. With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but first ask confirmation).</dd> <dt>disable [<em>bpnumber</em> [<em>bpnumber …</em>]]</dt> <dd>Disables the breakpoints given as a space separated list of breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it remains in the list of breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.</dd> <dt>enable [<em>bpnumber</em> [<em>bpnumber …</em>]]</dt> <dd>Enables the breakpoints specified.</dd> <dt>ignore <em>bpnumber</em> [<em>count</em>]</dt> <dd>Sets the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If count is omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint becomes active when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero, the count is decremented each time the breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated condition evaluates to true.</dd> <dt>condition <em>bpnumber</em> [<em>condition</em>]</dt> <dd>Condition is an expression which must evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored. If condition is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint is made unconditional.</dd> <dt>commands [<em>bpnumber</em>]</dt> <dd><p class="first">Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number <em>bpnumber</em>. The commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just ‘end’ to terminate the commands. An example:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">commands</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">some_variable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type commands and follow it immediately with end; that is, give no commands.</p> <p>With no <em>bpnumber</em> argument, commands refers to the last breakpoint set.</p> <p>You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply use the continue command, or step, or any other command that resumes execution.</p> <p>Specifying any command resuming execution (currently continue, step, next, return, jump, quit and their abbreviations) terminates the command list (as if that command was immediately followed by end). This is because any time you resume execution (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another breakpoint—which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about which list to execute.</p> <p>If you use the ‘silent’ command in the command list, the usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and then continue. If none of the other commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.</p> <div class="last versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </div> </dd> <dt>s(tep)</dt> <dd>Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion (either in a function that is called or on the next line in the current function).</dd> <dt>n(ext)</dt> <dd>Continue execution until the next line in the current function is reached or it returns. (The difference between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code> is that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code> stops inside a called function, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code> executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at the next line in the current function.)</dd> <dt>unt(il)</dt> <dd><p class="first">Continue execution until the line with the line number greater than the current one is reached or when returning from current frame.</p> <div class="last versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd> <dt>r(eturn)</dt> <dd>Continue execution until the current function returns.</dd> <dt>c(ont(inue))</dt> <dd>Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.</dd> <dt>j(ump) <em>lineno</em></dt> <dd><p class="first">Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in the bottom-most frame. This lets you jump back and execute code again, or jump forward to skip code that you don’t want to run.</p> <p class="last">It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed — for instance it is not possible to jump into the middle of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code></a> loop or out of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause.</p> </dd> <dt>l(ist) [<em>first</em>[, <em>last</em>]]</dt> <dd>List source code for the current file. Without arguments, list 11 lines around the current line or continue the previous listing. With one argument, list 11 lines around at that line. With two arguments, list the given range; if the second argument is less than the first, it is interpreted as a count.</dd> <dt>a(rgs)</dt> <dd>Print the argument list of the current function.</dd> <dt>p <em>expression</em></dt> <dd><p class="first">Evaluate the <em>expression</em> in the current context and print its value.</p> <div class="last admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> can also be used, but is not a debugger command — this executes the Python <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code></a> statement.</p> </div> </dd> <dt>pp <em>expression</em></dt> <dd>Like the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code> command, except the value of the expression is pretty-printed using the <a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code></a> module.</dd> <dt>alias [<em>name</em> [command]]</dt> <dd><p class="first">Creates an alias called <em>name</em> that executes <em>command</em>. The command must <em>not</em> be enclosed in quotes. Replaceable parameters can be indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%1</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%2</span></code>, and so on, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%*</span></code> is replaced by all the parameters. If no command is given, the current alias for <em>name</em> is shown. If no arguments are given, all aliases are listed.</p> <p>Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally typed at the pdb prompt. Note that internal pdb commands <em>can</em> be overridden by aliases. Such a command is then hidden until the alias is removed. Aliasing is recursively applied to the first word of the command line; all other words in the line are left alone.</p> <p>As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> file):</p> <div class="last highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#Print instance variables (usage "pi classInst")</span> <span class="n">alias</span> <span class="n">pi</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">"%1."</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"="</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1">#Print instance variables in self</span> <span class="n">alias</span> <span class="n">ps</span> <span class="n">pi</span> <span class="bp">self</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd> <dt>unalias <em>name</em></dt> <dd>Deletes the specified alias.</dd> <dt>[!]<em>statement</em></dt> <dd><p class="first">Execute the (one-line) <em>statement</em> in the context of the current stack frame. The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first word of the statement resembles a debugger command. To set a global variable, you can prefix the assignment command with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global</span></code> command on the same line, e.g.:</p> <div class="last highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">list_options</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">list_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'-l'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd> <dt>run [<em>args</em> …]</dt> <dd><p class="first">Restart the debugged Python program. If an argument is supplied, it is split with “shlex” and the result is used as the new sys.argv. History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are preserved. “restart” is an alias for “run”.</p> <div class="last versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd> <dt>q(uit)</dt> <dd>Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is aborted.</dd> </dl> <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p> <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module is determined by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> in the frame globals.</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">26.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-commands">26.3. Debugger Commands</a></li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="bdb.html" title="previous chapter">26.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="profile.html" title="next chapter">26.4. 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